Paul Samuelson Fallece a los 94 años. Una breve Reseña

por Richard Roca

Paul Anthony Samuelson uno de los más grandes economistas de todos los tiempos y el primer estadounidense en obtener el premio Nobel de Economía, falleció hoy a los 94 años de edad en su casa de Belmont,

Nació el 15 de mayo de 1915 en Indiana. Obtuvo el Bachillerato en la Universidad de Chicago en 1935, la Maestría en 1936 y el grado de doctor en Economía en 1941 en la Universidad de Harvard.

De estudiante fue tan destacado que cuando sustentó su tesis doctoral (que fue publicado en 1947 con el título de "Fundamentos del Análisis Económico") se dice que los miembros de jurado tenían dificultades para entender los aportes del graduando y se escuchó que Schumpeter le preguntaba en voz baja a Leontief (miembros del jurado) ¿le habremos aprobado a Samuelson?

Aun antes de ganar el Premio Nobel, Samuelson había acumulado una serie de importantes premios. Publicó su primer trabajo cuando tenía 21 años, ganó el premio A. David Wells en 1941 por escribir la mejor tesis doctoral en la Universidad de Harvard en economía, y fue galardonado con la medalla de Bates, John Clark, en 1947, otorgado por la American Economic Asociación premio que, según los entendidos, es más difícil de ganar que el Nobel de Economía, pues solo se otorga cada dos años en reconocimiento a contribuciones científicas importantes en el campo de la economía desarrollados antes de cumplir 40 años.

Samuelson recibiendo la Medalla Nacional de Ciencias

Samuelson en un homenaje que le tributó la Universidad de Yale

Samuelson hizo inmensos aportes a la teoría económica haciendo uso intensivo de los modelos matemáticos, en el cual puso mucho énfasis para darle mayor rigor al análisis económico dando muchos ejemplos de los peligros de las inconsistencias del análisis meramente mental o retórico pues, como lo demostró repetidas veces, es muy facil equivocarse sin darse cuenta si solo se recurre a la lógica mental por lo que el uso de las matemáticas se constituye en una herramienta mucho más poderosa y confiable de análisis.

Además contribuyó notablemente al desarrollo de la economía dinámica, desarrolló el famoso "Principio de Correspondencia" como condición para el uso apropiado del método de la Estática Comparativa.

En la Microeconomía contribuyó con la teoría de las Preferencias Reveladas,

En la Macroeconomía formalizó el modelo acelerador multiplicador (1939) estableciendo las condiciones de estabilidad dinámica que se hizo muy popular. Es conocido por sus aportes al desarrollo de la llamada Síntesis Neoclásica Keynesiana (1951) por desarrollar modelos en los que a corto plazo se presenta rigidez de precios y la economía puede estar estancada por buen tiempo en el cual hay espacio para la política económica contracíclica mientras que a largo plazo los precios y salarios son más flexibles tendiéndose lentamente al pleno empleo.

En la Teoría Monetaria introdujo el uso de los modelos de generaciones yuxtapuestas (1948) para explicar la demanda de dinero como un depósito de valor en un contexto en el que las personas tienen vida limitada y simultáneamente coexisten diferentes generaciones que se van sucediendo en el tiempo.

En la teoría del comercio internacional contribuyó con dos modelos importantes: Efecto Balassa-Samuelson y con el Teorema Stolper-Samuelson.

En área de las Finanzas Públicas analizó el problema de la asignación óptima en presencia de bienes públicos y privados.

En la Teoría del Bienestar desarrolló la función de bienestar social Bergson-Samuelson

En los últimos años participó activamente del debate sobre las causas de la Crisis Financiera Internacional señalando que la creencia exagerada de las bondades del libre mercado

(promovido por Hayek y Friedman) llevó a desregular el sistema financiero contribuyendo a generar dicha crisis. (ver: Samuelson: Adiós al capitalismo de Friedman y Hayek).

Samuelson reconocía las bondades del mercado pero advirtió de las fallas de los mercados libres por lo que requieren que se complemente con la intervención del Estado mediante políticas de Regulación y de Política Económica.

Junto a Krugman y Stiglitz, Samuelson últimamente señalaba que era necesario que EE.UU. aplique programas de estímulos fiscales y monetarios pero sobre todo de mayor gasto de gobierno para salir más rápidamente de la crisis y puso como ejemplo a las políticas aplicadas por China como caso exitoso de política anticíclica para hacer frente a la crisis económica mundial. (ver: Paul Samuelson: Una pronta recuperación ¿ficción o realidad?)

Entre sus alumnos más destacados se encuentran el Premio Nobel y columnista del New York Times Paul Krugman, el Premio Nobel Robert Merton, el presidente de la Reserva Federal Ben Bernanke, y Christina Romer, directora del Consejo de Asuntos Económicos de Obama.

Una de sus ultimas presentaciones lo pueden ver en :

Samuelson, Solow y Merton opinan sobre la Crisis Financiera

PUBLICACIONES

Entre sus numerosas publicaciones científicas listada en Ideas.org están:

Barnett, William A; Paul A. Samuelson; E. Roy Weintraub, 2005. "Inside the Economist's Mind: The History of Modern Economic Thought, as Explained by Those Who Produced It," Method and Hist of Econ Thought 0511002, EconWPA.

Barnett, William A; Paul A. Samuelson; 2004. "An Interview with Paul A. Samuelson," Method and Hist of Econ Thought 0405006, EconWPA.

Samuelson, P.A., 1997. "Wherein Do the European and American Models Differ?," Papers 320, Banca Italia - Servizio di Studi.

Dornbusch, Rudiger; Fischer, Stanley; Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 67(5), pages 823-39, December.

P. A. Samuelson, 1970. "On the Trail of Conventional Beliefs About the Transfer Problem," Working papers 54, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2009. "A few remembrances of Friedrich von Hayek (1899-1992)," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 1-4, January.

Samuelson, Paul 2009. "Recuerden a los que frenaron la recuperación de Estados Unidos," Revista de Economía Institucional, Universidad Externado de Colombia - Facultad de Economía, vol. 11(20), pages 425-427, January-J.

Samuelson, Paul  2009. "¿Estados Unidos puede sufrir “décadas perdidas” como las de Japón?," Revista de Economía Institucional, Universidad Externado de Colombia - Facultad de Economía, vol. 11(20), pages 428-430, January-J.

Anthony B. Atkinson; Sijbren Cnossen; Helen F. Ladd; Peter Mieszkowski; Pierre Pestieau; Paul A. Samuelson, 2008. "Commemorating Richard Musgrave (1910-2007)," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 64(2), pages 145-170, June.

Samuelson, Paul  2008. "Thoughts about the Phillips curve," Conference Series ; [Proceedings], Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

Samuelson, Paul 2008. "Asymmetric or symmetric time preference and discounting in many facets of economic theory: A miscellany," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 37(2), pages 107-114, December.

Attiat Ott & Robert Solow & Henry Aaron & Martin Feldstein & Oliver Oldman & Paul Samuelson, 2008. "A tribute to Richard Abel Musgrave," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer, vol. 32(4), pages 330-333, October.

Samuelson, Paul 2007. "Classical and Neoclassical harmonies and dissonances," European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 243-271.

Samuelson, Paul A, 2006. "The pros and cons of globalization," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 592-594, December.

Samuelson, Paul A; Etula, Erkko M., 2006. "Complete work-up of the one-sector scalar-capital theory of interest rate: Third installment auditing Sraffa's never-completed "Critique of Modern Economic Theory"," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 331-356, August.

Samuelson, Paul A. Etula, Erkko M., 2006. "Testing to confirm that Leontief-Sraffa matrix equations for input/output must obey constancy of returns to scale," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 90(2), pages 183-188, February.

Samuelson, Paul 2005. "Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization: Response," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 19(3), pages 242-244, Summer.

Marshall Goldman; Jeffrey Sachs; Paul Samuelson; Martin Weitzman, 2005. "Testimonials," Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 47(2), pages 492-502, June.

Samuelson, Paul  2005. "An Elizabethan Age for Pure Trade Theory: 1925-55," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 13(5), pages 1001-1003, November.

Samuelson, Paul 2005. "Abram Bergson, Economist," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 115(501), pages F130-F133, 02.

Cooper, James B.; Russell, Thomas; Samuelson, Paul A., 2004. "Testing the expected utility maximization hypothesis with limited experimental data," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 391-407, August.

Samuelson, Paul 2004. "Conservation laws in economics," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 243-246, August.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2004. "Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 18(3), pages 135-146, Summer.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2003. "Reflections on the Schumpeter I knew well," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 13(5), pages 463-467, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2003. "Tale of two macroeconomies," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 361-363, August.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2003. "A few theoretical aspects of deregulation," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 131-133, January.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2003. "Pure theory aspects of industrial organization and globalization," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 89-90, January.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2002. "Innovational progress sans thrift," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 281-284, August.

Corden, Max; James S. Duesenberry; Craufurd D. Goodwin; J. Allan Hynes; Richard G. Lipsey; Gideon Rosenbluth; Paul A. Samuelson; Elizabeth Johnson Simpson, 2001. "Harry G. Johnson (1923-1977): Scholar, Mentor, Editor, and Relentless World Traveler," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 60(3), pages 601-649, 03.

Samuelson, Paul A.  2001. "A Modern Post-Mortem On Bo¨Hm'S Capital Theory: Its Vital Normative Flawshared By Presraffian Mainstream Capital Theory," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 23(3), pages 301-317, September.

Samuelson, Paul A.  2001. "A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(4), pages 1204-1214, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2001. "Some game theory anecdotes," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 299-302, August.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2001. "Future Asian stock market trends," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 187-189, April.

Samuelson, Paul A., 2001. "A Personal Tribute to John Harsanyi," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 28-29, July.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2001. "On just how great 'great books are'," European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 8(3), pages 305-308, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 2000. "Economic and cultural aspects of tomorrow's multinational firms," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 12(4), pages 393-394, December.

Samuelson, Paul A; Robert Merton, 2000. "Speeches by Nobel Laureates," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 29(3), Fall.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2000. "Speculations about Japan and US relations in the coming decade," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 12(3), pages 285-287, September.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2000. "Japan's future financial structure," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 185-187, May.

Samuelson, Paul A. 2000. "The narrowing of the world market," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 12(1), pages 99-101, January.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1999. "Some theoretical and empirical thoughts on developmental analysis," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 289-292, April.

Samuelson, Paul A.1999. "Samuelson’s Economics at Fifty: Remarks on the Occasion of the Anniversary of Publication," Journal of Economic Education, Helen Dwight Reid Foundation, vol. 30(4), pages 352-363.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1998. "How Foundations Came to Be," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 36(3), pages 1375-1386, September.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1998. "Summing up on business cycles: opening address," Conference Series ; [Proceedings], Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, issue Jun, pages 33-36.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1997. "How Best to Flip-Flop If You Must: Integer Dynamic Stochastic Programming for Either-Or," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 183-90, December.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1997. "Credo of a Lucky Textbook Author," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 11(2), pages 153-60, Spring.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1997. "Theories of the feasible FIRST best," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 569-571, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1997. "Growth theory tries once again," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 9(2), pages 283-286, May.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1997. "Proof by Certainty Equivalents that Diversification-across-Time Does Worse, Risk Corrected, Than Diversification-throughout-Time," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 14(2), pages 129-42, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1997. "Estimating Probabilities Relevant to Calculating Relative Risk-Corrected Returns of Alternative Portfolios," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 191-200, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1996. "Budget constraints that are not soft," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 8(2), pages 225-228, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1996. "Gottfried Haberler (1900-1995)," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 106(439), pages 1679-87, November.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1996. "The next fifty years of Japan-US economic relations," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 121-124, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1995. "Corrigendum [Facets of Balassa-Samuelson Thirty Years Later]," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 3(2), pages 248, June.

Samuelson, Paul, 1995. "Some uneasiness with the Coase Theorem," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 1-7, May.

Olson, Mancur; Lawrence Klein; Paul Samuelson; Robert Solow; James Tobin, 1995.

"Remin1nscences of Dudley Dillard," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 21(1), pages 1-6, Winter.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1994. "Facets of Balassa-Samuelson Thirty Years Later," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 2(3), pages 201-26, October.

Samuelson, Paul A; James Tobin; Robert J. Barro; Lyle E. Gramley; Bennett T. McCallum, 1994. "How can monetary policy be improved?," Conference Series ; [Proceedings], Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, pages 229-258.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1994. "Richard Kahn: His Welfare Economics and Lifetime Achievement," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 18(1), pages 55-72, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1994. "The To-Be-Expected Angst Created for Economists by Mathematics," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 20(3), pages 267-273, Summer.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1994. "The Classical Classical Fallacy," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 32(2), pages 620-39, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1994. "How can monetary policy be improved?," Conference Series ; [Proceedings], Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, pages 229-231.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1993. "Altruism as a Problem Involving Group versus Individual Selection in Economics and Biology," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(2), pages 143-48, May.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1992. "Factor-Price Equalization by Trade in Joint and Non-joint Production," Review of International Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 1(1), pages 1-9, November.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1992. "Graduated Income Taxation, Which Reduces Inequality, Leaves Pareto's Coefficient Invariant: A Pseudo-paradox That Debunks Pareto's Coefficient," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 6(4), pages 205-06, Fall.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1992. "Speaking of the unspeakable: Pearl Harbor after fifty years and at the century's turn," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 4(2), pages 173-177, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1991. "Extirpating Error Contamination Concerning the Post-Keynesian Anti-Pasinetti Equilibrium," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 43(2), pages 177-86, April.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1991. "Wall street and main street," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 93-101, April.

Samuelson, Paul A. 1991. "Leontief's 'the economy as a circular flow': An introduction," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 2(1), pages 177-179, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1991. "Sraffa's Other Leg," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 101(406), pages 570-74, May.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1989. "Robert Solow: An Affectionate Portrait," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 3(3), pages 91-97, Summer.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1989. " Ricardo Was Right!," Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 91(1), pages 47-62.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1988. "Mathematical Vindication of Ricardo on Machinery," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 96(2), pages 274-82, April.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1988. " How a Certain Internal Consistency Entails the Expected Utility Dogma," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 1(4), pages 389-93, December.

Paul A. Samuelson, 1988. "The Passing of the Guard in Economics," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 14(4), pages 319-329, Oct-Dec.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1988. "The Keynes-Hansen-Samuelson multiplier-accelerator model of secular stagnation," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 3-19, October.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1986. "Yes to Robert Dorfman's Vindication of Thunen's Natural-Wage Derivation [Thunen at Two Hundred]," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 24(4), pages 1777-85, December.

Samuelson, P. A., 1986. "Theory of optimal taxation," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 137-143, July.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1985. "Modes of Thought in Economics and Biology," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 75(2), pages 166-72, May.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1985. "Thermodynamic theory as mathematical economics could have discovered it," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 281-281, December.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1984. "Princípios de maximização na economia analítica," Revista Brasileira de Economia, Graduate School of Economics, Getulio Vargas Foundation (Brazil), vol. 38(4), April.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1984. "Second Thoughts on Analytical Income Comparisons," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 94(374), pages 267-78, June.

Samuelson, Paul A; Sato, Ryuzo, 1984. "Unattainability of Integrability and Definiteness Conditions in the General Case of Demand for Money and Goods," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(4), pages 588-604, September.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1983. "1983: Marx, Keynes, and Schumpeter," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 9(3), pages 166-179, Jul-Sep.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1983. "Thunen at Two Hundred," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 21(4), pages 1468-88, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1981. "Bertil Ohlin 1899-1979," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(2), pages 147-163, May.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1982. "Bertil Ohlin 1899-1979," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 12(1, Supple), pages 31-49, January.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1981. "Summing up on the Australian Case for Protection," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 96(1), pages 147-60, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1981. "Justice to the Australians," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 96(1), pages 169-70, February.

Dornbusch, Rudiger; Fischer, Stanley; Samuelson, Paul A, 1980. "Heckscher- Ohlin Trade Theory with a Continuum of Goods," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 95(2), pages 203-24, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1980. "Noise and Signal in Debates among Classical Economists: A Reply," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 18(2), pages 575-78, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1979. "Paul Douglas's Measurement of Production Functions and Marginal Productivities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 87(5), pages 923-39, October.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1979. "Why we should not make mean log of wealth big though years to act are long," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-307, December.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1978. "Free trade's intertemporal Pareto-optimality," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 147-149, February.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1978. "Interest rate equalization and nonequalization by trade in Leontief-Sraffa models," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 21-27, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1978. "The Canonical Classical Model of Political Economy," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 16(4), pages 1415-34, December.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1978. "Maximizing and Biology," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 16(2), pages 171-83, April.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "Correcting the Ricardo Error Spotted in Harry Johnson's Maiden Paper," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 91(4), pages 519-30, November.

Dornbusch, Rudiger; Fischer, Stanley; Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "Comparative Advantage, Trade, and Payments in a Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 67(5), pages 823-39, December.

Dornbusch, Rudiger; S. Fischer; P. A. Samuelson, 1976. "Comparative Advantage, Trade and Payments in a Ricardian Model With a Continuum of Goods," Working papers 178, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "A Modern Theorist's Vindication of Adam Smith," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 67(1), pages 42-49, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "Reaffirming the Existence of "Reasonable" Bergson-Samuelson Social Welfare Functions," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 44(173), pages 81-88, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1977. "St. Petersburg Paradoxes: Defanged, Dissected, and Historically Described," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 15(1), pages 24-55, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1976. "Economics of Forestry in an Evolving Society," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 14(4), pages 466-92, December.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1976. "The Optimum Growth Rate for Population: Agreement and Evaluations," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 17(2), pages 516-25, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1976. "Is Real-World Price a Tale Told by the Idiot of Chance?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 58(1), pages 120-23, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1976. "Optimality of Sluggish Predictors under Ergodic Probabilities," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 17(1), pages 1-7, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1976. "Alvin Hansen as a Creative Economic Theorist," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 90(1), pages 24-31, February.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1976. "Limited Liability, Short Selling, Bounded Utility, and Infinite-Variance Stable Distributions," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 11(03), pages 485-503, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1975. "Seymour Harris as Political Economist," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 57(1), pages ii-v, February.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1975. "Trade pattern reversals in time-phased Ricardian systems and intertemporal efficiency," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 309-363, November.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1975. "The Optimum Growth Rate for Population," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 16(3), pages 531-38, October.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1975. "A Note on Professor Dan Usher's Contributions to National Income Comparisons," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 85(339), pages 614, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1975. "Optimum Social Security in a Life-Cycle Growth Model,"

International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 16(3), pages 539-44, October.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1975. "Steady-State and Transient Relations: A Reply on Reswitching," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 89(1), pages 40-47, February.

Merton, Robert C. & Samuelson, Paul A., 1974. "Fallacy of the log-normal approximation to optimal portfolio decision-making over many periods," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 67-94, May.

Samuelson, P. A., 1974. "Remembrances of Frisch," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 7-23, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "Lessons from the Current Economic Expansion," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 64(2), pages 75-77, May.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "Complementarity-An Essay on the 40th Anniversary of the Hicks-Allen Revolution in Demand Theory," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 12(4), pages 1255-89, December.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1974. "Scale Economies and Non-Labor Returns at the Optimum Population," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages 125-127, April.

Samuelson, Paul A; Merton, Robert C, 1974. "Generalized Mean-Variance Tradeoffs for Best Perturbation Corrections to Approximate Portfolio Decisions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 29(1), pages 27-40, March.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1974. "Is the Rent-Collector Worthy of His Full Hire?," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 1(1), pages 7-10, January.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "Insight and Detour in the Theory of Exploitation: A Reply to Baumol," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 62-70, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "The Transformation of Values: What Marx "Really" Meant: Rejoinder: Merlin Unclothed, A Final Word," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 12(1), pages 75-77, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "Comments on the Favorable-Bet Theorem," Economic Inquiry, Oxford University Press, vol. 12(3), pages 345-55, September.

Samuelson, Paul A; Swamy, S, 1974. "Invariant Economic Index Numbers and Canonical Duality: Survey and Synthesis," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 64(4), pages 566-93, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1974. "Analytical Notes on International Real-Income Measures," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 84(335), pages 595-608, September.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1973. "Proof That Properly Discounted Present Values of Assets Vibrate Randomly," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 4(2), pages 369-374, Autumn.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1973. "Samuelson's "Reply on Marxian Matters."," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 11(1), pages 64-68, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1973. ""Samuelson and Marx": Reply," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 11(4), pages 1367, December.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1973. "Relative Shares and Elasticities Simplified: Comment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 63(4), pages 770-71, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1972. "The Consumer Does Benefit From Feasible Price Stability," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 86(3), pages 476-93, August.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1972. "The general saddlepoint property of optimal-control motions," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 102-120, August.

Samuelson, Paul A;1972. "Samuelson on the Neoclassical Dichotomy: A Reply," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 5(2), pages 283-92, May.

Samuelson, P. A., 1972. "Heretical doubts about the international mechanisms," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 443-453, September.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1972. "Maximum Principles in Analytical Economics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 62(3), pages 249-62, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1972. "Jacob Viner, 1892-1970," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 80(1), pages 5-11, Jan.-Feb..

Samuelson, Paul A, 1972. "The Economics of Marx: An Ecumenical Reply," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 10(1), pages 51-57, March.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1972. "The Consumer Does Benefit From Feasible Price Stability: Rejoinder," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 86(3), pages 500-503, August.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1971. "Understanding the Marxian Notion of Exploitation: A Summary of the So-Called Transformation Problem Between Marxian Values and Competitive Prices," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 9(2), pages 399-431, June.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1971. "Paradoxes of Schumpeter's Zero Interest Rate," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 53(4), pages 391-92, November.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1971. "An exact Hume-Ricardo-Marshall model of international trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(1), pages 1-18, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1970. "What Makes for a Beautiful Problem in Science?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 78(6), pages 1372-77, Nov.-Dec..

Samuelson, Paul A, 1970. "Professor Samuelson on Free Enterprise and Economic Inefficiency: Reply," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 84(2), pages 341-45, May.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1970. "The Fundamental Approximation Theorem of Portfolio Analysis in terms of Means, Variances, and Higher Moments," Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 37(4), pages 537-42, October.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1970. "Reflections on Recent Federal Reserve Policy," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 2(1), pages 33-44, February.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1969. "Contrast between Welfare Conditions for Joint Supply and for Public Goods," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 51(1), pages 26-30, February.

Liviatan, Nissan; Samuelson, Paul A., 1969. "Notes on Turnpikes: Stable and unstable," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 1(4), pages 454-475, December.

Samuelson, Paul A, 1969. "Corrected Formulation of Direct and Indirect Additivity," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(2), pages 355-59, April.

Paul A. Samuelson, 1969. "Nonoptimality of Money Holding under Laissez Faire," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 2(2), pages 303-308, May.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1969. "Lifetime Portfolio Selection by Dynamic Stochastic Programming," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 51(3), pages 239-46, August.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1968. "What Classical and Neoclassical Monetary Theory Really was," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 1(1), pages 1-15, February.

Dixon J; P. A. Samuelson, 1968. "The Cost Of Dumping Butter: A Comment," Journal of Common Market Studies, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 7(3), pages 243-252, 09.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1967. "General Proof that Diversification Pays," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(01), pages 1-13, March.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1967. "Efficient Portfolio Selection for Pareto-L?vy Investments," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 2(02), pages 107-122, June.

Samuelson, Paul A; 1964. "Tax Deductibility of Economic Depreciation to Insure Invariant Valuations," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 72, pages 604.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1959. "Consumption-Loan Interest and Money: Reply," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 67, pages 518.

Samuelson, Paul A., 1958. "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 66, pages 467.

Holt, C, C; P. A. Samuelson, 1946. "The Graphic Depiction of Elasticity of Demand," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 54, pages 354.

Samuelson, Paul A.  1934. "A Synthesis of the Principle of Acceleration and the Multiplier," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 47, pages 786.